定語從句用法詳解
在復合句中 ， 修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句 ， 被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞 ， 引導定語從句的有關系代詞 who, whom, whose, which, that等和關系副詞where, when, why等 ， 關系代詞和關系副詞在定語從句中擔任句子成份。
1.由who引導的定語從句中 ， who用作主語 ， 如 ： This is the boy who often helps me.
2.由whom引導的定語從句中，whom用作賓語，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.
3.由whose引導的定語從句中 ， whose用作定語 ， 如 ： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?
4.由which引導的定語從句中，which用作主語或謂語動詞的賓語或介詞的賓語，如：
The room in which there is a machine is a work shop.
The river which is in front of my house is very clean.
This is the pen which you want.
注意 ：
(1)whom, which用作介詞賓語時 ， 介詞可放在 whom、which之前 ， 也可放在從句原來的位置上；但在含有介詞的動詞固定詞組中，介詞只能放在原來的位置上。如： He is the very person whom we must take good care of.
(2)引導非限制性定語從句時，必須用關系代詞which，不用that,如：I have lost
my bag, which I like very much.
(3)關系代詞在句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞的人稱和數必須和先行詞保持一致。
5.由that引導的定語從句中，that可以指人或物，在從句中作主語或謂語動詞的賓語，但不能放在介詞后面作介詞賓語，如：
The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.
注意在下面幾種情況下必須用 that引導定語從句。
(1)先行詞是不定代詞all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等 ， 如 ：
All that we have to do is to practise English.
(2)先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級所修飾，如
The first letter that I got from him will be kept.
(3)先行詞被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修飾 ， 如
I've eaten up all the food that you gave me.
(4)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時如
He is the only person that I want to talk with.
(5)先行詞既有人又有物時，如:
They talked about persons and things that they met.
(6)當句中已有who時 ， 為避免重復 ， 如 ： Who is the man that is giving us the
class?
6.由when, where, why引導的定語從句，如:
I don't know the reason why he was late.
This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.
I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.
注意：先行詞是表示地點時，如果從句的謂語動詞是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果從句的謂語動詞是不及物的，就用where引導。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)
7. 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
(1)限制性定語從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分，主句和從句之間不用逗號分開。引導非限制性定語從句的關系代詞有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，這些關系代詞都不能省略。
(2)非限制性定語從句是對主句先行詞的補充說明 ， 沒有這種從句 ， 不影響主句意思的完整 ， 一般用逗號把主句和從句分開 ， 關系代詞用 which,不用that;指人時可用who,如 ： I have two brothers, who are both students.
8．如何簡化定語從句
?。?）.定語從句簡化為形容詞或形容詞短語作后置定語。如:
My grandfather lives in a village that is far away from here.
→My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在離這兒很遠的一個村子。
This is a book that is worth reading.
→This is a book worth reading. 這是一本值得看的書。
（2） 定語從句簡化為現在分詞或現在分詞短語作前置或后置定語。
The man who is standing under the tree is our English teacher.
→The man standing under the tree is our English teacher.
站在樹下面的那個人是我們的英語老師。
I saw the house that was burning at that time.→I saw the burning house at that time.
當時我看到那房子在燃燒。
?。?）定語從句簡化為過去分詞短語作后置定語。
I like to see the films which are directed by Zhang Yimou.→I like to see the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜歡看張藝謀導演的電影。
She is the girl who was praised at the school meeting.→She is the girl praised at the school meeting. 她就是在校會上受表彰的那個女孩。
（4）定語從句簡化為不定式作后置定語。
He is always the first person that comes to school.→He is always the first person to come to school.他總是第一個到校。
The report which will be given tomorrow is important to us.→The report to be given tomorrow is important to us. 明天要作的報告對我們很重要。
?。?）定語從句簡化為what 從句。
I couldn't remember the words that he said.→I couldn't remember what he said.
我記不得他說的話。
【典型例題解析】
例 1 The second book ______I want to read is Business @ the Speed of Thought.
A. which B. what C. that D. as
解析 先行詞 book被序數詞修飾時要用that引導定語從句，故選C。
例 2 I'll never forget the days _____I stayed with you.
A. when B. in which C. that D. for which
解析 本題指時間，故選 A。
例 3 The book______ is sold out at the moment.
A. you need B. what you need
C. which you need it D. that you need it
解析 B、C、D中的what和it與先行The book相抵觸 ， 故選 A。
例 4 Is this the place ______Lincoln once lived.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
解析 本題指地點，故選 C。
例 5 I'm one of the boys _________ never late for school.
A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is
解析 本題中 who用作主語，謂語動詞與先行詞the boys保持一致，故選B。
【選講例題】
例 6 Her sister,______ you met at my home, was a teacher of English.
A. whom B. that C. which D. who is
解析 非限制性定語從句中 ， 關系代詞用 which,不用that,但指人時用who或whom.故選A。
例 7 These book are for students _____ mother language is not English.
A. of whom B. that C. which D. whose
解析 whose引導的定語從句中,whose用作定語，故選D。
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